Stop-motion animation
Stop motion animation is created by grabbing frames, which are taken by a camera, and playing them one after the other fast enough to for the mind to stitch them together and give the illusion of them being in motion seamlessly. It’s a technique used to manipulate an object or a persona to make them appear to be moving on its own. The object or person is moved in small increments to create the illusion of movement.The series of frames are played in a Continuous sequence; this is called the persistence of vision. Dolls and objects are made with movable clay and joints are used for their ease of repositioning when grabbing each frame.The first instance of stop-motion animation can be credited to Albert E. Smith and J. Stuart Blackton for Vitagraph's The Humpty Dumpty Circus (1897), in which a toy circus of acrobats and animals comes to life. French trick film maestro Georges Méliès used stop motion animation to produce moving letters in one of his short films, and a number of his special effects are based on stop motion photography.Willis O' Brien is known for his work on The Lost World (1925), but he is most admired for his work on King Kong (1933). A milestone of his films made possible by stop motion animation. In the 1960s and 1970s, clay animator Eliot Noyes Jr. refined the technique of "free-form" clay animation with his Oscar-nominated film in 1965.One of the main British Animation teams, John Hardwick and Bob Bura, were the main animators in many early British TV shows, and are famous for their work on the Trumptonshire trilogy.Disney experimented with several stop motion techniques by hiring animator-director Mike Jittlov to do the first stop motion animation of Mickey Mouse toys ever produced for a short sequence called Mouse Mania, part of a TV special celebrating Mickey Mouse's 50th Anniversary.Since then, animation renaissance headlined by the likes of Who Framed Roger Rabbit and The Little Mermaid at the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, there have been an increasing number of traditional stop motion feature films, despite advancements with computer animation. The Nightmare Before Christmas, directed by Henry Selick and produced by Tim Burton, was one of the more widely released stop motion features. Henry Selick also went on to direct James and the Giant Peach and Coraline, and Tim Burton went on to direct Corpse Bride and Frankenweenie.Another individual who found fame in clay animation is Nick Park, who created the characters Wallace and Gromit. In addition to a series of award-winning shorts and featurettes, he won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for the feature-length outing Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit. Chicken Run, to date, it is the highest grossing stop motion animated movie ever grossing nearly $225 million worldwide. and garnered critical praise.
Other notable stop motion feature films released since 1990 include Fantastic Mr. Fox which was  released in 2009, and The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb (1993).
Types of Animation

Puppet animation - Is a type of stop-motion animation that involves moving puppets in small increments and taking a frames and stitching them all into a sequence, and playing them fast enough for our eyes to create the illusion of it all being in motion. Puppet animation is created by obviously using puppets which are attacked to a long rod that is held by a person and moved after each frame. there are mostly buttons or pull and push mechanisms that allow facial expressions and facial movement. examples of puppet animation include fantastic. This film is about a fox that lives underground and outsmarts three farmers, that live above him, by taking their food supplies. This film is for children that are a bit older like 8-10 in my opinion because the storyboard would be pretty hard to understand as the genius remarks made by Mr Fox. The film 'Humpty Dumpty Circus' (1908) created by J.Stuart Blackton and Albert Smith was applauded as the first stop-motion animation film that featured puppets. These days puppet animation is mostly found in children's cartoons and films. Examples of this type of animation is the King Kong film (1933), Corpse Bride (2005) which is a stop-motion animated horror musical. The Nightmare before Christmas (1993) is an American animation musical fantasy directed by Henry Selick. it used 227 puppets to show the the characters in the film and also used 400 heads to depict the expression for almost every possible emotion.

Object Animation - Object animation is a stop-motion created by animated movements of non-drawn objects such as toys, blocks, dolls etc. examples of this is 'the annoying orange'. Effects like flying and jumping require some thought, so animators came up with a way to show that in their animations. the method they came up with was to have long rods attached to the objects to make it look like its floating and later cutting out the rods using editing softwares. This gave the effect of the objects or puppets jumping and flying with out using things like string to hold them up to make them seem like their flying or jumping. The annoying orange is for kids and you can tell by the laughter and jokes which are silly and very childish. object animation is usually made with other types of animation for a realistic effect. 

Claymation - This type of stop-motion animation takes up a lot of time and is usually harder because you have to move the clay toys in little bits and also change the facial expressions which can make remembering each scene really difficult. examples of claymation are 'Wallace and Gromit' and 'Shaun the sheep'.

Each object (character) is sculpted from clay or a much commonly used substance like plasticine, is made around a wire skeleton called an armature. It is then arranged on set where it's photographed, before being slightly moved by hand to prepare it for the next shot. This is done until the animator has the desired amount of shots for the film. when it is played back the human mind perceives the series of changing images as motion. claymation is created for audiences such as children but also for teens and adults, because most will see it as a family film.

Pixilation - Pixilation is one of the hardest types of stop-motion animation because it involves live actors changing their movement and pose while multiple frames are taken and they move a little bit each time. Examples of films that use pixilation are: 'The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb created by the Bolex Brothers and the oscar-winning 'Neighbours' and 'A chary Tale' by Norman McLaren's. The influence of pixilation including real people flying is impressive and eye-catching. This is because it has been mans dream to fly, so to create a realistic animation of someone flying looks good because it almost looks possible. The actor becomes a kind of living stop motion puppet. This technique is often used as a way to blend live actors with animated ones in a movie, such as looney tunes. Pixilation is also often used in music videos.

Animated Effects

back in the day this would have been hard to make it look realistic because of the limitation of previous technology, but we have more advanced softwares and technology so this kind of stuff is available and do-able.The advantages of this technique is that it can be done multiples times and is a very effective technique in creating jumping and flying illusions.
The limitations of this would be that the flying would never look realistic as humans have not created a machine or a way to fly and have total control over it.

Pixilation was 3D before computers got involved with in animation. Real people were used and so our expectations and reactions are different. a real person flying is way more impressive than a drawing of one. This was the beginning of animated special effects in films.